Showing posts with label christianity. Show all posts
Showing posts with label christianity. Show all posts

Tuesday, November 24, 2015

FANTASY DANGERS

“Keep thy heart with all diligence; for out of it are the issues of life. Put away from thee a froward mouth, and perverse lips put far from thee. Let thine eyes look right on, and let thine eyelids look straight before thee. Ponder the path of thy feet, and let all thy ways be established. Turn not to the right hand nor to the left: remove thy foot from evil” (Proverbs 4:23-27).

We live an age of technology-driven fantasy, and a rapidly-growing number of people live in fantasy worlds.

The human imagination is a gift of God and can be used for good as well as evil, but man's fallen condition and the existence of dark spiritual powers means there are great dangers in fantasizing.

The first appearance of “imagination” in the Bible is a warning about evil imaginings: “And GOD saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually” (Genesis 6:5).

The corruption of the imagination was one of the first steps in the downward slide to idolatry and moral perversion in man's early history as described in Romans 1. “... when they knew God, they glorified him not as God, neither were thankful; but BECAME VAIN IN THEIR IMAGINATIONS, and their foolish heart was darkened” (Romans 1:21).

The same thing happens in the lives of individuals. If the imagination becomes perverted, the person's life will reflect this.

The heart is the source of man's actions. God's Word says, “Keep thy heart with all diligence; for out of it are the issues of life”, and, “For as he thinketh in his heart, so is he” (Proverbs 4:23; 23:7).

A fleeting thought is of little consequence, but what the individual allows his mind to dwell upon, what he harbors and nurses in his heart, will determine the course of his life.

This is a loud warning in an age when individuals can connect 24/7 in the most private manner with any and every aspect of the pop culture, and there are a great many dark and perverted things with which one can fill the imagination. In fact, dark and perverted is an apt description of much of today's music, movies, television programs, video games, and novels.

Jesus warned about gaining the whole world while losing one's soul. “For what is a man profited, if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own soul? or what shall a man give in exchange for his soul?” (Matthew 16:26).

What would He say about those who sell their souls for nothing but a figment of the imagination!

Fantasy Science Fiction

Science fiction and the superhero genre of entertainment have grown ever darker, stranger, more sensual and godless, and many people are living a dark fantasy world portrayed in books, movies, video games, and online virtual worlds.

Science fiction has been a godless world since its inception. There might be “a god”, a “force”, but it is not the holy Creator God of the Bible. Many prominent names in science fiction are atheists and haters of Jehovah God.

Carl Sagan, whose best-selling sci-fi novel Contact was made into a movie, was one of the high priests of atheistic evolution. In this novel, he has the main character debating two preachers and saying, “There is no compelling evidence that God exists”. In 1997, Sagan said, “I share the view of a hero of mine, Albert Einstein: 'I cannot conceive of a god who rewards and punishes his creatures or has a will of the kind that we experience in ourselves.' Neither can I--nor would I want to--conceive of an individual that survives his physical death. Let feeble souls, from fear or absurd egotism, cherish such thoughts'“ (Parade, March 10, 1997).

Isaac Asimov, in a 1982 interview, said, “Emotionally, I am an atheist. I don't have the evidence to prove that God doesn't exist, but I so strongly suspect he doesn't that I don't want to waste my time” (Paul Kurtz, “An Interview with Isaac Asimov on Science and the Bible”, Free Inquiry, Spring 1982, p. 9).

Only a spiritually-blind man can say there is no evidence for the existence of a Creator God. The evidence is EVERYWHERE!

Robert Heinlein, called “the dean of science fiction writers”, rejected the Bible and encouraged “free sex”. He promoted agnosticism through his sci-fi books.

Arthur Clarke, author of many sci-fi works, including 2001: A Space Odyssey, promoted evolutionary pantheism. He told a Sri Lankan newspaper, “I don't believe in God or an afterlife” (“Life Beyond 2001: Exclusive Interview with Arthur C. Clarke”, The Island, Dec. 20, 2000).

Kurt Vonnegut was an atheist, and as an honorary president of the American Humanist Association he subscribed to its code which “does not accept supernatural views of reality”.

Gene Roddenberry, creator of Star Trek, was an agnostic and humanist who envisioned a world in which “everyone is an atheist and better for it” (Brannon Braga, “Every Religion Has a Mythology”, International Atheist Conference, June 24, 2006).

Ray Bradbury (d. 2012), author of Fahrenheit 451 and the Martian Chronicles, grew up in a Baptist home, but he described himself as “delicatessen religionist”. He was particularly enamored with Buddhism and Eastern religion, even calling himself a “Zen Buddhist”. He was a pantheist and an evolutionist. He considered Jesus a wise prophet, like Buddha and Confucius, a man who became christ through self effort (“Sci-fi Legend Ray Bradbury on God”, CNN, August 2, 2010). Bradbury claimed that when it comes to God, “none of us know anything”. He said, “We must become astronauts and go out into the universe and discover the God in ourselves”.

H.G. Wells, author of such science fiction classics as The Time Machine, War of the Worlds, and The First Man on the Moon, converted to atheistic Darwinism as a college student under the influence of Thomas Huxley (“Darwin's Bulldog”) and spent the rest of his life preaching atheism and an extreme form of eugenics. He wanted to create a master race through Darwinian survival of the fittest and urged society to have “no pity and less benevolence” toward the inferior. Not surprisingly, he was an early advocate of “free love” and lived a debauched moral life. He was a serial adulterer, even committing adultery with the daughters of his friends. One of his partners in adultery was fellow atheist and eugenist Margaret Sanger, founder of Planned Parenthood. He died an “infinitely frustrated” and broken man, with no hope for the future, neither for himself nor for the human race. This is the result of an attempt to live in a fantasy world without God.

Science fiction has never been not a spiritually neutral genre, and there are great spiritual dangers in delving into this fantasy world.

The sci-fi superhero genre today is moving ever deeper into dark realms.

Consider James Holmes, who murdered a dozen people and wounded nearly 60 more in a movie theater where Batman: The Dark Knight Rises was premiering. Jesus taught us that murder is an acting out of the impulses of the fallen nature (Mark 7:21-23), and the sin nature can be inflamed. Holmes had dyed his hair red and said he was The Joker, the clownish, ultra-violent enemy of the superhero Batman (“NYC Police Commissioner Said Alleged Shooter Calls Himself The Joker”, Fox News, July 20, 2012).

Today's Batman comics and movies are worlds apart from the original Batman stories. They are vile and ultra violent. In the 2008 movie Batman: The Dark Night, a man's face is filleted by a knife, another's is burned half off, a man's eye is slammed into a pencil, a bomb is stitched inside of a man and exploded, a man is bound to a chair and set afire, a child is threatened by a man with a melted face, and clowns are shot point-blank in the head. In the comic book “Batman: The Dark Night” The Joker murders an entire television audience.

Thirteen years earlier, not far from where Holmes acted out his perverted fantasies, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold murdered 13 and wounded 21 in a public school. They, too, were acting out demonic fantasies that had been enflamed through violent music, video games, and dark movies.

Pop Idol Fantasy

The entire field of pop idols, from Elvis to Justin Bieber, is a fantasy. The pop stars are real people, but their pop idol personas are fantasies created by clever music industry people from Colonel Parker to Johnny Kitagawa.

The latter, head of Johnny & Associates, has been creating pop idol boy bands for 50 years in Japan, the world's second largest music market. Young men called “Johnny juniors” are carefully chosen and then trained for five years before being placed with other juniors into a boy band. An additional two years is required to train them to perform together and to “act like certified idols” (“Unraveling a fantasy: A beginner's guide to Japanese idol pop”, AVClub.com, Jul. 18, 2014).

Japanese producer Yasushi Sikmoto has done with girl bands what Kitagawa has done with boy bands. 

The ultimate fantasy pop idol is Hatsune Miku. One of the most popular Japanese pop singers of all time, she performed sold-out concerts attended by tens of thousands of screaming fans and opened for Lady Gaga. But she doesn't exist. One hundred percent fantasy, she is an avatar created by the Japanese company Crypton Future Media. She is projected onstage as a dancing hologram. She is the ultimate scantily-clothed pop singer of youthful fantasy with an unrealistically proportioned figure and a hyper-cute, Manga-influenced face. Girls fantasize that they are Hatsune, and boys fantasize that she is their girlfriend. One fan said, “She's rather more like a goddess: She has human parts, but she transcends human limitations. She's the great post-human pop star” (“Hatsune Miku: The world's fakest pop star”, CBNNews, Nov. 9, 2012). Hatsune Miku is the avatar for Yamaha's Vocaloid (“vocals plus android”) software which allows anyone to use her voice (actually that of Japanese voice actress Saki Fujita) on their own songs, so the songs performed at her “concerts” are all fan written. More than 100,000 songs have been created and many have gone viral on YouTube and the Japanese equivalent Nico Nico Douga and other forums. Vocaloid “has fostered the rise of a vibrant, nation-spanning community of do-it-yourself musicians, artists, filmmakers, and writers who create their own pop-culture products through the avatar of cartoon girl”. “For fans, creating and sharing content is as much a part of the experience as the singer herself”.

Indeed, Hatsune Miku is the ultimate “me generation” pop star. It is me singing for me and to me, with others participating in my me-fest! The reference by a Hatsune fan to “goddess” is enlightening, because goddess worship is pure fantasy and has always been about the worshiper. Idolatry is all about the pursuit of personal happiness apart from the Creator God.

The heart and soul of pop idol fantasy is sex, as with pop music as a whole. The boys and girls of the idol bands are carefully selected to fit within the current definition of cute and sexy, and the unisex aspect appeals both to “straights” and homosexuals.

“Kawaii [the Japanese idea of cuteness] is deployed to elicit glee from tweens and salaciousness from adult, manga-loving men” (“Unraveling a fantasy: A beginner's guide to Japanese idol pop”, AVClub.com, Jul. 18, 2014).

Fantasy Digital Worlds

Virtual worlds are hugely popular. More than 15 million people have participated in Second Life alone, the most popular of the many virtual worlds, creating fantasy depictions of themselves, fantasy identities, hanging out at fantasy places, having online fantasy sexual relations, even buying and selling fantasy property.

Players reinvent themselves and “embark on the kind of adventures he or she has always dreamed of”.

The player creates an avatar to represent himself. This began in 2006 with Nintendo's avatar-building tool in the Wii gaming console. The avatar was called a Mii.

The whole concept of having an avatar “means that you can change everything about yourself; your appearance, your personality, your ethnicity, even your gender”.

You can be a pirate, a knight, a witch, an animal, a combination human-animal, a sex goddess, a superhero, or whatever you can imagine, in a world that doesn't exist. You can be as strange or as beautiful, as good or wicked, as you please. One gamer said, “It's like playing god … with yourself”.

The avatar has been called a “mini-me”. Winda Benedetti, a gaming reporter, describes her avatar as physically perfect, with its “flawless hair and skin” and “attractively proportioned” figure on which clothes hang “with a stylish perfection”, remarking, “She's little more than a cartoon, but still, my mini me--my avatar--I can't help it, I wish I was her” (“I can't help it--I wish I were my avatar”, NBC News, Nov. 25, 2008).

In Second Life, there are many different worlds, such as Dynasty of Dragons, Isle of Faerun (“a land of magic”), Midnight Dreams (“a dark role play and combat environment focused on Vampires”), Museum of Magical Arts, Morgan Straits (“a role play community set in the Golden Age of Piracy”), and Remnants of Earth (“a cyberpunk fantasy role playing game”).

Users are drawn into virtual worlds by the offer of free entry levels, but they usually end up spending money, sometimes a lot of money, to purchase entrance into deeper levels and to buy virtual goods. During the first ten years of its existence (2003-2013) Second Life users spent $3.2 billion!

Users become emotionally attached to the virtual worlds. I heard a woman on the Kim Komando computer radio show describe the deep distress she experienced when her virtual world was unplugged by the bankrupt parent company. She had spent a lot of time and money building her virtual paradise, and the highlight of her day was to enjoy it, but it had disappeared overnight. 

Avatars can communicate with and interact with other avatars, which often leads to problems in real life. Many marriages have been destroyed when one partner formed a fantasy attachment to an avatar. People have ran away from their families to live with people they met online.

One report on this was “Avatars and Second Life Adultery: A tale of online cheating and real-world heartbreak”, The Telegraph, Nov. 14, 2008.

Multi-player online video games

“Some studies suggest that gaming is absolutely taking over the minds of children all together”.

“Virtual life becomes more appealing than real life”.

Nothing takes over young people's hearts and minds more than MMORPG (massively multiplayer online role-playing games).

The most addictive games in 2015 are the following: Madden, Dota 2, Grand Theft Auto, Tetris, Candy Crush Saga (the company is valued at $7.5 billion), Minecraft, EverQuest (called “never rest” and “ever crack”), The Sims (player has omnipotent control over people), World of Warcraft (called World of War Crack), Call of Duty (the last two are played by more than 100 million players), Halo 3 (called Halodiction),Total War, Pong, Civilization, Diablo 3, Super Meat Boy, Team Fortress 2, Dark Souls 2, Counter Strike, Starcraft 2, Persona 4 Golden, Monster Hunter 3, Elder Scrolls, Angry Birds, Faster Than Light, Peggle, League of Legends, Civilization V, Pokemon.

Even in remote places like Nepal, gaming is becoming popular. A report on Nepali gamers in the Kathmandu Post (Aug. 29, 2015) was entitled “By Their Bootstraps”. Gaming started in Nepal in internet cafes in 2010. The 2015 Colors E-sports Carnival at the Civil Mall had 500 participants competing at Defense of the Ancients (DOTA), a multi-online battle game.

Fantasy Sports

Fantasy Sports is a multi-billion-dollar-a-year industry that attracts more than 51 million American participants. Fantasy players spend an average of $465 a year on their fantasies. Two leading fantasy companies, DraftKings and FanDuel, are worth an estimated $1 billion each.

“In fantasy sports a participant creates his own team, selecting players from a real-world sports league like the NBA, National Football League, or England's Premier League football. As real games are played, a fantasy team competes and is ranked against others based on the actual-game performance of its players” (“Like the real game, fantasy sports now worth billions”, AFP, Jun. 28, 2015).

Fantasy Comics

In Asia, the Manga culture has captured the imaginations of multitudes of young people. (Manga is Japanese; in Korea it is manhwa, and in China it is manhua.) Anime refers to the animation of Manga as television programs and movies.

Manga has had a large influence on Japanese pop culture. It has been said that one cannot understand modern Japan “without understanding the role that manga play in the society”.

Manga is a multi-billion a year industry that has has spread to Europe and America.

Manga refers to comics that come in a wide variety of genre: romance, superhero, superheroine, science fiction, etc.

Manga is popular within a wide variety of society, including children, students, businessmen, and housewives.

Manga stories often mix real world scenes with alien worlds. The characters are normal people with shadow lives via superpowers or robot or alien friends. There is a lot of witchcraft (such as soul migration). There is also a lot of sexual content and homosexuality.

It is fantasy escapism, and it has been described as a “pop cultural obsession”. Manga fans often dress and act like their Manga heroes. They attend Manga conventions. They become fixated on Manga.

One 13-year-old wrote, “I have a problem, I'm addicted to the computer and on the computer all I do is watch anime and read manga and that is what I'm addicted to the most and I stay up all night because of it” (“Anime and Manga Causing Sleep Deprivation”).

Fantasy Romance Novels

Romance novels are the most popular literary genre in America, capturing 55% of book sales, and they appear in 90 languages other than English.

The romance novel exploded in popularity in the 1970s. In 1976, sales reached 40 million copies. By 2008, sales were 74 million.

Many romance novels have a strong sexual content. A recent example is Fifty Shades of Grey, which even delves into sadomasochism. This type of thing has no place in a Christian's life.

“But fornication, and all uncleanness, or covetousness, let it not be once named among you, as becometh saints” (Ephesians 5:3).

“And have no fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness, but rather reprove them” (Ephesians 5:11).

“These novels were written to be titillating, and I really don't think there's a huge difference between this and porn. It's 'soft porn,' and indeed many women find themselves far more aroused by reading something like this than they would be watching porn on a computer. So women who devour novel after novel like that aren't that much different from men who watch porn all night” (“Romance Novels: Dangerous, Harmless, or Just Fun?” Jan. 16, 2012).

Dr. Julia Slattery warns that there are similarities between what happens to a man when he views pornography and what happens to a woman when she reads a romance novel. “There is a neurochemical element with men and visual porn, but an emotional element with women and these novels” (“Romance novels can become addictive”, May 30, 2011, KSL.com).

She is seeing more and more women “who are clinically addicted to romantic books”.

Even G-rated romance novels take the reader into an unrealistic world typically populated by strong, beautiful heroines and handsome, caring men who “fall in love”. They can produce addiction to a fantasy world and dissatisfaction with real life.

In 2011, the Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health in Britain reported that romance novels “are a cause of marital breakdown, adulterous affairs and unwanted pregnancies”.

Best-selling author Shaunti Feldhahn notes, “[S]ome marriage therapists caution that women can become as dangerously unbalanced by these books' entrancing but distorted messages as men can be by the distorted messages of pornography”.

As with anything, there is the danger of progression, by starting out with harmless novels and clean Christian romance novels and then branching out.
“I've known so many Christian teens who just devoured all the romances in the church library, and then headed to the public library for more, and ended up almost addicted to really steamy stuff” (“Romance Novels: Dangerous, Harmless, or Just Fun?”).

Why Living in a Fantasy World Is Wrong

We are not saying that fiction and fantasy are totally wrong.

I am not saying it is wrong ever to read a novel or watch a harmless movie or play a harmless video game or some such thing.

I am saying that there are great dangers lurking in the realm of fantasy today, as we have documented.

And I am saying it is wrong to live in a fantasy world instead of living in the real world.

This is wrong for the following reasons:

  • Reality cannot be escaped; it can only be ignored for a short while. Each individual is a soul made in God's image and each individual will face God in judgment. “Amusement” refers to non-thinking (a=none, muse=thinking), but all of the amusement and escapism and fantasy and alcohol and drugs in the world will not change the soul's appointment with God.


“And as it is appointed unto men once to die, but after this the judgment” (Heb. 9:27).

  • Living in a fantasy world can hide the soul from salvation. God loves each sinner and wants to save him before it is too late, but the opportunity for salvation is finite. If an individual choses to live in a fantasy world in this life, he can wile away his opportunity. You won't find the gospel of Jesus Christ in popular video games, sci fi, manga, pop music, etc.
  • Man-made fantasy is an empty, foolish thing compared to the real God and real salvation and real life as God intended it to be lived.


“Keep thy heart with all diligence; for out of it are the issues of life. Put away from thee a froward mouth, and perverse lips put far from thee. Let thine eyes look right on, and let thine eyelids look straight before thee. Ponder the path of thy feet, and let all thy ways be established. Turn not to the right hand nor to the left: remove thy foot from evil” (Proverbs 4:23-27).

—DC




Thursday, July 31, 2014

ECCLESIOLOGY (General Considerations)


TOPIC ONE: THE IDEA OF THE CHURCH

The fundamental New Testament idea of the Church is brought out in the Greek verb kalein, signifying to call, with its derivatives and compounds.

1. Kalein: This Greek word, which means “to call” denotes the first act of Christ in point of time in connection with the Church: Romans 8:30; I Corinthians 1:9; II Thessalonians 2:14; I Peter 2:9.

2. Kleetoi: This word, which means “the called”, designates the members of the Church: Romans 1:6, 7; 8:28; I Corinthians 1:1, 2; Jude 1.

3. Kleesis: This word, which means “calling”, denotes the peculiar vocation of the Church: Romans 11:29; I Corinthians 1:26; Ephesians 4:1, 4.

4. Parakleetos: This word, which is commonly translated “comforter”, designates the indwelling and informing Spirit in the Kleetoi (the called): John 14:16, 17; Romans 8:9, 11; I Corinthians 3:16; Ephesians 2:22.

5. Epikalein: This word points out the distinct and distinguishing act of the Kleetoito call on Christ, i. e., to invoke Him in prayer: I Corinthians 1:1, 2; Romans 10:9, 13; Acts 22:16; Acts 9:14, 21; 7:58, 59.

6. Parakalein: This word points out the distinct and distinguishing act of Kleetoi towards one another—to call to, exhort, or strengthen in the faith: Hebrews 3:13; 10:25; I Thessalonians 3:2.

7. Ekkleesia: This word designates the company, body, or organism of the Kleetoi, i. e., the Church: Matthew 16:18; 18:17.

NOTE: Gathering up the combined meanings of all these Greek words, we may say that the root idea of the Church is that of a company of believers called out from the world and indwelt by the

Spirit of God, whose special and peculiar ministry toward God is prayer, and toward one another is exhortation and consolation.

TOPIC TWO: THE TWOFOLD MEANING OF THE CHURCH

There are two usages of the Greek noun Ekkleesia or Church in the New Testament:

I. The Church Universal, or the Family of God, a Spiritual Body, composed of believers of all ages and times who are united to God by faith in Jesus Christ: Ephesians 1:2; 3:21; Hebrews 12:23.

II. The Church Local, a Visible Body of believers united to God by faith in Jesus Christ. Of this usage of the word there are three special applications:

1. A small company in a house: Romans 16:5; Philemon
2. The Christian congregation of a town or city: I Corinthians 1:2; I Thessalonians 1:1.
3. The group of churches in a country or nation: Galatians 1:2.

NOTE: 1. To the above New Testament usages of the word Church we may add two later and modern meanings: namely, the branches of Christendom, as the Greek Church, the Roman Church, the Protestant Church, the Protestant Episcopal Church, the Methodist Church, etc.; and the material building in which the members of a church worship, as the First Reformed Church of Nyack, New York.

NOTE: 2. The word Church occurs twice in the gospels, both instances being in Matthew, and both in the future. In chap. 16:18 Christ refers to the spiritual and invisible church universal; and in chap. 18:17, He refers to the church local and visible.

As a spiritual organism, the church may be viewed in two aspects, namely: in time, Matthew 16:18, and in eternity, Ephesians 3:9-11.

When the Christian Church of a city or town is mentioned, the word Ekkleesia is in the singular number; when a country or nation is spoken of, the plural number is found, Acts 13:1; Galatians 1:2.

TOPIC THREE: THE LOCAL CHURCH

From this point onward we shall confine our attention to the Local, or Visible Church; and it will be desirable to get a clear working definition of a New Testament church. Of these we give three.

I. The Local Church is “a body of professed believers in Christ, baptized on a credible confession of faith in Him, and associated for worship, work, and discipline” (H. G. Weston).

II. “The Local, or Individual, Church is a company of believers voluntarily united together in accordance with Christ’s laws, for the purpose of maintaining worship and observing the ordinances” (F. W. Farr).


III. A Church is a company of believers called out from the world, voluntarily joined together and meeting at stated times, among whom the Word of God is preached, discipline is administered, and the ordinances observed.

NOTE: There are those who would add to this definition the two ideas of regeneration and baptism; and we feel that this would be in full accord with the New Testament teaching on this subject.

TOPIC FOUR: THE ORGANIZATION OF THE CHURCH

The Church Universal and Invisible is an organism, but the Church Local and Visible is an organization. This is shown by three facts:

1. Stated meetings. The Apostolic Christians met regularly for worship from house to house—at first every day in the week, but later, on the first day of the week, or Sunday, because it celebrated His resurrection from the grave: Acts 2:46, 47; 20:7; I Corinthians 16:2.

2. Election or appointment of officers: Acts 1:15-26; Acts 14:23; Titus 1:5.

3. Officers. There were two officers of the local church in New Testament times, namely: the Deacon, and the Elder (or Bishop).

In post- apostolic times and in later church history, the elder and the bishop represented two distinct offices, the latter being the higher. But in the New Testament, the terms elder and bishop represent one office: Acts 20:17, 28; Philippians I Timothy 3:1 8; Titus 1:5, 7; I Peter 5:1.

- The word bishop in Greek means an overseer, and the word elder in Greek means one of adult years, possessing experience and counsel.
- The word deacon means “minister”, or “helper”.

The elder, or bishop, had oversight of the spiritual interests of the church, while the deacon was in charge of the temporalities. While both “bishop” and “elder” come from the Greek, the word “bishop” is taken from the municipal usage of Greek cities, while the word “elder” is taken from the Jewish usage of local synagogues. The date of the appointment of deacons was about 33 A.
D.: Acts 6:1-6. The date of the appointment of elders was about 45 A. D.: Acts 11:30.

Two other officers of the early church may be mentioned, namely: the deaconess, Philippians 4:3; Romans 16:1; and the evangelist, Ephesians 4:11. The evangelists were itinerating preachers, not restricted to any one local church.

NOTE: Pastors and prophets are also mentioned among the officers of the early church: I Corinthians 12:28; Ephesians 4:11. While Agabus and the daughters of Philip predicted the future, yet the New Testament gift of prophecy corresponded to our present conception of the ministry of the true preacher of the Word: I Corinthians 14:3.

TOPIC FIVE: THE GOVERNMENT OF THE CHURCH

Today there are three forms of church government, namely:

1. The Episcopal, or government by bishops.
2. The Presbyterial, or government by elders.
3. The Congregational, or government by members themselves.

The church government prescribed in the New Testament, however, is Episcopal and Presbyterial government (Acts 20:17, 28; 14:23; Titus 1:5), yet there are indications that the Congregational form of government prevailed over the other two.

Three points may be mentioned.

1. Every church had the power of disciplining and excluding its members: Matthew 18:17; I Corinthians 5:1-5; II Thessalonians 3:6.
2. Each church elected its own officers: Acts 1:26; 6:1-6.
3. Each church had the power of determining all matters not already determined by the Scriptures: I Corinthians 11:34.

TOPIC SIX: THE WORSHIP OF THE EARLY CHURCH

There were seven features in the public worship of the early church, namely:

1. Praise (Singing).
2. Prayer.
3. Prophecy, I Corinthians 14:3.
4. Scripture reading with comment.
5. Reading of apostolic letters.
6. Collections for the poor.
7. Celebration of the Lord’s Supper (weekly at first).

NOTE: The spirit of worship was characterized by four things.

1. It was humble.
2. It was reverent.
3. It was grateful.
4. It was joyful (Luke 24:52, 53; Acts 2:46).

TOPIC SEVEN: THE DISCIPLINE OF THE CHURCH

I. Definition

Discipline may be defined as the correction or expulsion by the church of one or more of its members for immorality of life, or heresy of doctrine.

II. Kinds of offenses

There are two kinds of offenses of which a church member may be guilty, namely, public and private. And there are two kinds of discipline corresponding to these offenses, namely, public and private.

III. Forms of Discipline

Church discipline, whether private or public, may take one of three forms.

1. Private reproof.
2. Public reproof.
3. Excommunication.

The law of private discipline is found in Matthew 5:23, 24; 18:15-17. And the law of public discipline is found in such passages as I Corinthians 5:3-5; 5:13; II Corinthians 2:6-8; II Thessalonians 3:6.

NOTE: There are only three ways for a member to get out of a local church, namely: by death, dismissal by letter, and exclusion by trial or withdrawal under charges. After a church member has been excommunicated, he should be dealt with tenderly as a brother, and his restoration sought through repentance and faith.

TOPIC EIGHT: THE ORDINANCES OF THE CHURCH

I. DEFINITION

The ordinances are those outward rites which Christ has appointed to be administered in each church as visible signs and seals of the saving truth of the Gospel.

II. NUMBER

The ordinances are two in number and only two, namely, Baptism and the Lord’s Supper.

NOTE: The Church of Rome makes seven ordinances or sacraments, namely, Ordination, Confirmation, Matrimony, Extreme Unction, Penance, Baptism, and the Lord’s Supper. This addition to the Word of God exposes it as a false Christian institution.

A. BAPTISM.

I. Definition

Baptism is the initiatory rite of admission into the Christian Church. It is the symbol of union with Christ: Matthew 28:19; Mark 16:15, 16.

II. Significance

This is twofold, namely:

1. It is the badge of discipleship, the public confession of Christ as Saviour and Lord.
2. It is the sign and seal of participation by faith in the death and resurrection of Christ.

NOTE: Baptism is not the New Testament equivalent of the Old Testament rite of circumcision; for circumcision was a symbol of cleansing, while baptism is a symbol of death. The conditions of baptism and the mode of baptism, as well as the subjects of baptism, are controversial topics among Christians.

The writer feels free simply to express his personal view and conviction as to the teaching of the New Testament. In his judgment, adults and only adults are the proper subjects of baptism; repentance and faith in Christ are the essential conditions of baptism, and immersion seems to be clearly indicated by the symbolism of the ordinance: Acts 2:38-41; 8:12; Romans 6:1-4; I Corinthians 10:1, 2; Colossians 2:12.

B. THE LORD’S SUPPER.

I. Definition

The Lord’s Supper is an ordinance instituted by Christ for observance by His followers, and consisting in the consecration of bread and wine with the words of institution and the subsequent eating and drinking of the consecrated elements. The Lord’s Supper is a symbol of the believer’s communion with Christ: Matthew 26:26-30; Luke 22:19, 20; I Corinthians 11:23-34.

NOTE: Baptism may be called the sacrament of regeneration; the Lord’s Supper, the sacrament of sanctification. There are various names in use for this latter ordinance, namely: The Lord’s Supper, the Communion, the Eucharist, the Sacrament of the Lord’s Supper, the Memorial Supper, and the Ordinance of the Lord’s Supper.

II. Views

There are four principal views of the Lord’s Supper that are current among Christians:

1. Transubstantiation. This is the Roman Catholic view. It holds that through the consecration by the priest the elements of bread and wine are converted into the real body and blood of Christ. Thus the communicant partakes of Christ, physically, through the mouth, entirely apart from spiritual apprehension by faith.

2. Consubstantiation. This is the Lutheran view. It holds that while the bread and wine are unchanged, there is yet a real, though mystical, partaking of Christ through the mouth. This, however, is not apart from faith, but is the mystery of the sacrament and is not explainable.

3. The Zwinglian view. This holds that the Lord’s Supper is simply a commemoration of His person and sacrifice. It is merely a memorial feast. The Lord is not present to devout feeling and spiritual apprehension, except as our departed loved ones are present, when we call them to mind and dwell upon their virtues and good deeds.

4. The Calvinistic view. This is the generally accepted evangelical view of the Protestant Church. Contrary to the Romanist view, it holds that there is no conversion of the elements into the real presence of Christ. Again, contrary to the Lutheran view, it holds that there is no physical partaking of Christ through the mouth. Still again, contrary to the Zwinglian view, it holds that the Lord’s Supper is more than a memorial feast.

The Calvinistic view holds that after consecration the elements remain unchanged, and that apart from devout feeling and spiritual apprehension the Supper has no value. But it does maintain that through the elements, in a way that can be realized by no other means of grace, the believer is brought into vital touch with Christ, and by faith may eat His flesh and drink His blood, and thus abide in Him. The truth symbolized by the Supper is unfolded in John 6:51-58. Augustine, in the fourth century, expressed the very heart of the spiritual significance of the communion when he said, “Believe, and thou hast eaten”.

TOPIC NINE: THE MINISTRY OF THE CHURCH

The Ministry, or Mission of the Christian Church is twofold: Evangelization and Edification.

I. EVANGELIZATION

Evangelization may be defined as the efforts put forth by the Church for the salvation of men from sin and error. It is the primary mission of the Church. Contrary to the postmillennial view, we are not to bring the world to Christ, but to bring Christ to the world. There is a vast difference. To preach the Gospel as a witness to all nations and to take out of them a people for Christ’s name is the fundamental mission of the Church in the present dispensation: Matthew 28:19, 20; Mark 16:15; Acts 1:8; 15:14-18.

NOTE: There are two beautiful symbols of the ministration of the Church to the world; these are salt and light.

- Salt is a preservative, giving both savor and flavor to society.
- Light is a symbol of testimony, the witness which the Church bears to the world, both by the purity of its doctrine and the piety of its members.

II. EDIFICATION

Edification may be defined as the building up of the Church in truth and grace. After sinners have been saved, they must be indoctrinated in the truth of the Scriptures and possessed and filled by the Holy Spirit. There are five agencies which contribute to the edification of the Church:

1. The Christian Ministry, Ephesians 4:11, 12.
2. The Word of God, Colossians 3:16; I Peter 2:2; Hebrews 5-14.
3. The Holy Spirit, Galatians 5:25; Ephesians 5:18.
4. The Gifts of the Spirit, I Corinthians 12:4-12.
5. The Sacraments.

TOPIC TEN: THE DESTINY OF THE CHURCH

The Destiny of the Christian Church is threefold:

I. To be married as a chaste virgin to Christ, Revelation 21:9; II Corinthians 11:2; Ephesians 5:27.

II. To reign with Christ as a Royal Consort, Revelation 1:6; 3:21; I Peter 2:9; Revelation 20:6.

III. To show forth throughout all the coming ages the praise, the grace, and the glory of God, Ephesians 1:6, 12; 3:10.

NOTE: There are three words that bring out these three relationships of the Church to Christ: Bride, Queen, Jewel.

QUESTIONS FOR STUDY

1. What is the fundamental New Testament idea of the Church?
2. State as clearly as you can what the Church is, as derived from a careful study of the seven Greek words which were mentioned.
3. What are the two New Testament meanings of the Church?
4. Define a Local Church.
5. How may it be shown that the local church is an organization?
6. What are the New Testament offices of the Church?
7. According to the New Testament usage, do the words Bishop and Elder designate the same office or different offices?
8. What are the three forms of Church government?
9. Do you find Scriptural ground for any one form of government more than the others?
10. Describe the features of early Church worship.
11. What is Church discipline?
12. How many forms of Church discipline are recognized and what is the order of procedure in each?
13. What are the ordinances of the Church?
14. Define baptism.
15. What is the twofold significance of baptism?
16. Define the Lord’s Supper.
17. What are some of the names used for this ordinance besides “the Lord’s Supper”?
18. What is the error known as Transubstantiation?
19. What is the error known as Consubstantiation?
20. What is the Zwinglian view?
21. What is the Calvinistic view?
22. What is the twofold mission of the Church?
23. What is its threefold destiny?

~ end of chapter 8 ~