Many claims have been made by
pretribulationists that the early Church believed that Christ would come before
the period commonly called “the Tribulation”. Dwight D. Pentecost in his book Things to Come uses selected quotes from
some of the so-called church fathers to try to show that they believed in the
imminent return of Christ (pp. 168-169). More recently, Grant R. Jeffrey in his
book Apocalypse: The Coming Judgement of
the Nations devotes the entire Appendix to references to early church
writings, some which he claims show that they held to an “any moment”, imminent
coming of the Lord.
We believe that we should let the “Church
fathers” speak for themselves. Below are lengthy quotes from 12 documents of
the early Church from the first four centuries showing that they believed that
the Church would be present on the earth during the Great Tribulation of the
Antichrist. From a review of the early Church writings, we would have to agree
with Robert Gundry’s conclusion that “...the early Church did not hold to the
doctrine of imminence. The very passages cited for imminence [by the
pretribulationists] reveal a belief that the Church will pass through the
tribulation” (Robert Gundry, The Church
and the Tribulation, p. 179). In fact, in this same book, Gundry shows
convincingly that the pretribulation theory of the rapture was not known nor
widely held until the mid-nineteenth century (pp. 185-188).
Our sole rule for faith and practice must be
scripture. The teachings of the early Church do not “prove” that
pretribulationism is incorrect; only scripture can do that (and it does).
However, as Robert Gundry states, “...the antiquity of a view weighs in its
favor, especially when that antiquity reaches back to the apostolic age. For
those who received their doctrine first-hand from the apostles and from those
who heard them stood in a better position to judge what was apostolic doctrine
than we who are many centuries removed” (The
Church and the Tribulation, p. 172).
The prewrath rapture position has its roots in
historical premillennialism, the belief that the Church will be persecuted by
the Antichrist, delivered at Christ’s coming, and then God’s wrath will be
poured out on the wicked who remain. As can be seen from the quotes below, this
is precisely what the early “Church fathers” wrote:
It therefore behooves us, who
inquire much concerning events at hand, to search diligently into those things
which are able to save us. Let us then utterly flee from all the works of
iniquity, lest these should take hold of us; and let us hate the error of the
present time, that we may set our love on the world to come: let us not give
loose reins to our soul, that it should have power to run with sinners and the
wicked, lest we become like them. The final stumbling block (or source of
danger) approaches.… We take earnest heed in these last days; for the whole
[past] time of your faith will profit you nothing, unless now in this wicked
time we also withstand coming sources of danger, as becometh the sons of God.
That the Black One may find no means of entrance, let us flee from every
vanity, let us utterly hate the works of the way of wickedness. Take heed, lest
resting at our ease, as those who are the called [of God], we should fall
asleep in our sins, and the wicked prince, acquiring power over us, should
thrust us away from the kingdom of the Lord. —The Epistle of Barnabas [100-120 AD]
Watch for your life’s sake. Let
not your lamps be quenched, nor your loins unloosed; but be ye ready, for ye
know not the hour in which our Lord cometh. But often shall ye come together,
seeking the things which are befitting to your souls: for the whole time of
your faith will not profit you, if ye be not made perfect in the last time. For
in the last days false prophets and corrupters shall be multiplied, and the
sheep shall be turned into wolves, and love shall be turned into hate; for when
lawlessness increaseth, they shall hate and persecute and betray one another,
and then shall appear the world-deceiver as Son of God, and shall do signs and
wonders, and the earth shall be delivered into his hands, and he shall do
iniquitous things which have never yet come to pass since the beginning. Then
shall the creation of men come into the fire of trial, and many shall be made
to stumble and shall perish; but they that endure in their faith shall be saved
from under the curse itself. And then shall appear the signs of the truth;
first, the sign of an out-spreading in heaven; then the sign of the sound of
the trumpet; and the third, the resurrection of the dead; yet not of all, but
as it is said: The Lord shall come and all His saints with Him. Then shall the
world see the Lord coming upon the clouds of heaven. —The Didache (The Teaching of the Twelve
Apostles) [100-120 AD]
O unreasoning men! understanding
not what has been proved by all these passages, that two advents of Christ have
been announced: the one, in which He is set forth as suffering, inglorious,
dishonored, and crucified; but the other, in which He shall come from heaven
with glory, when the man of apostasy, who speaks strange things against the
Most High, shall venture to do unlawful deeds on the earth against us the
Christians, who, having learned the true worship of God from the law, and the
word which went forth from Jerusalem by means of the apostles of Jesus, have
fled for safety to the God of Jacob and God of Israel… —Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho [150-165 AD]
Those, therefore, who continue
steadfast, and are put through the fire, will be purified by means of it. For
as gold casts away its dross, so also will ye cast away all sadness and
straitness, and will be made pure so as to fit into the building of the tower.
But the white part is the age that is to come, in which the elect of God will
dwell, since those elected by God to eternal life will be spotless and pure.
Wherefore cease not speaking these things into the ears of the saints. This
then is the type of the great tribulation that is to come. —The Pastor of Hermas [160 AD]
Who are the ravening wolves but
those deceitful senses and spirits which are lurking within to waste the flock
of Christ? Who are the false prophets but deceptive predictors of the future?
Who are the false apostles but the preachers of a spurious gospel? Who also are
the Antichrists, both now and evermore, but the men who rebel against Christ?
Heresies, at the present time, will no less rend the church by their perversion
of doctrine, than will Antichrist persecute her at that day by the cruelty of
his attacks, except that persecution makes even martyrs, [but] heresy only
apostates. —Tertullian, The
Prescription Against Heretics [190-210 AD]
And therefore throughout all
time, man, having been molded at the beginning by the hands of God, that is, of
the Son and of the Spirit, is made after the image and likeness of God: the
chaff, indeed, which is the apostasy, being cast away; but the wheat, that is,
those who bring forth fruit to God in faith, being gathered into the barn. And
for this cause tribulation is necessary for those who are saved, that having
been after a manner broken up, and rendered fine, and sprinkled over by the
patience of the Word of God, and set on fire [for purification], they may be
fitted for the royal banquet. As a certain man of ours said, when he was
condemned to the wild beasts because of his testimony with respect to God: “I
am the wheat of Christ, and am ground by the teeth of the wild beasts, that I
may be found the pure bread of God”. Moreover, another danger, by no means
trifling, shall overtake those who falsely presume that they know the name of
Antichrist. For if these men assume one [number], when this [Antichrist] shall
come having another, they will be easily led away by him, as supposing him not
to be the expected one, who must be guarded against…. It is therefore more
certain, and less hazardous, to await the fulfillment of the prophecy, than to
be making surmises, and casting about for any names that may present
themselves, inasmuch as many names can be found possessing the number
mentioned; and the same question will, after all, remain unsolved…. But he
indicates the number of the name now, that when this man comes we may avoid
him, being aware who he is. —Ireneaus, Against Heresies (Book 5) [182-188 AD]
Being questioned by His disciples
when those things were to come to pass which He had just been uttering about
the destruction of the temple, He discourses to them first of the order of
Jewish events until the overthrow of Jerusalem, and then of such as concerned
all nations up to the very end of the world. For after He had declared that
“Jerusalem was to be trodden down of the Gentiles, until the times of the
Gentiles should be fulfilled”—meaning, of course, those which were to be chosen
of God, and gathered in with the remnant of Israel—He then goes on to proclaim,
against this world and dispensation (even as Joel had done, and Daniel, and all
the prophets with one consent), that “there should be signs in the sun, and in
the moon, and in the stars, distress of nations with perplexity, the sea and
the waves roaring, men’s hearts failing them for fear, and for looking after
those things which are coming on the earth”. “For”, says He, “the powers of
heaven shall be shaken; and then shall they see the Son of man coming in the
clouds, with power and great glory. And when these things begin to come to
pass, then look up, and lift up your heads, for your redemption draweth nigh”.
He spake of its “drawing nigh”, not of its being present already; and of “those
things beginning to come to pass”, not of their having happened: because when
they have come to pass, then our redemption shall be at hand, which is said to
be approaching up to that time, raising and exciting our minds to what is then
the proximate harvest of our hope.
He immediately annexes a parable
of this in “the trees which are tenderly sprouting into a flower-stalk, and
then developing the flower, which is the precursor of the fruit”. “So likewise
ye”, (He adds), “when ye shall see all these things come to pass, know ye that
the kingdom of heaven is nigh at hand. Watch ye, therefore, and pray always,
that ye may be accounted worthy to escape all those things, and to stand before
the Son of man;” that is, no doubt, at the resurrection, after all these things
have been previously transacted. Therefore, although there is a sprouting in
the acknowledgment of all this mystery, yet it is only in the actual presence
of the Lord that the flower is developed and the fruit borne. Who is it then,
that has aroused the Lord, now at God’s right hand, so unseasonably and with
such severity to “shake terribly” (as Isaiah expresses it (“that earth”, which,
I suppose, is as yet unshattered? Who has thus early put “Christ’s enemies
beneath His feet” (to use the language of David), making Him more hurried than
the Father, whilst every crowd in our popular assemblies is still with shouts
consigning “the Christians to the lions?” Who has yet beheld Jesus descending
from heaven in like manner as the apostles saw Him ascend, according to the
appointment of the two angels? Up to the present moment they have not, tribe by
tribe, smitten their breasts, looking on Him whom they pierced. No one has as
yet fallen in with Elias; no one has as yet escaped from Antichrist…
In the Revelation of John, again,
the order of these times is spread out to view, which “the souls of the
martyrs” are taught to wait for beneath the altar, whilst they earnestly pray
to be avenged and judged: (taught, I say, to wait) ... and that the beast
Antichrist with his false prophet may wage war on the Church of God … Since,
then, the Scriptures both indicate the stages of the last times, and
concentrate the harvest of the Christian hope in the very end of the world… —Tertullian,
On the Resurrection of the Flesh
[190-210 AD]
Wherefore we ought neither to give it out as if
this were certainly his [Antichrist’s] name, nor again ignore the fact that he
may not be otherwise designated. But having the mystery of God in our heart, we
ought in fear to keep faithfully what has been told us by the blessed prophets,
in order that when those things come to pass, we may be prepared for them, and
not deceived. For when the times advance, he too, of whom these thing are said,
will be manifested…
Now, concerning the tribulation
of the persecution which is to fall upon the Church from the adversary, John
also speaks thus: “And I saw a great and wondrous sign in heaven; a woman clothed
with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and upon her head a crown of twelve
stars... And the dragon was wroth with the woman, and went to make war with the
saints of her seed, which keep the commandments of God, and have the testimony
of Jesus”.
“…And to the woman were given two
wings of the great eagle, that she might fly into the wilderness, where she is
nourished for a time, and times, and half a time, from the face of the serpent”.
That refers to the one thousand two hundred and threescore days (the half of
the week) during which the tyrant is to reign and persecute the Church….
These things, then, I have set
shortly before thee, O Theophilus, drawing them from Scripture itself, in order
that, maintaining in faith what is written, and anticipating the things that
are to be, thou mayest keep thyself void of offense both toward God and toward
men, “looking for that blessed hope and appearing of our God and Savior”, when,
having raised the saints among us, He will rejoice with them, glorifying the
Father. To Him be the glory unto the endless ages of the ages. Amen. —Hyppolytus,
On Christ and Antichrist [220 AD]
After this, then, what remains,
beloved, but the toes of the feet of the image, in which “part shall be of iron
and part of clay mixed together?” By the toes of the feet he meant, mystically,
the ten kings that rise out of that kingdom. As Daniel says, “I considered the
beast; and, lo, [there were] ten horns behind, among which shall come up
another little horn springing from them;” by which none other is meant than the
Antichrist that is to rise; and he shall set up the kingdom of Judah. And in
saying that “three horns” were “plucked up by the roots” by this one, he
indicates the three kings of Egypt, Libya, and Ethiopia, whom this one will slay
in the array of war. And when he has conquered all, he will prove himself a
terrible and savage tyrant, and will cause tribulation and persecution to the
saints, exalting himself against them….
When the times are fulfilled, and
the ten horns spring from the beast in the last [times], then Antichrist will
appear among them. When he makes war against the saints, and persecutes them,
then may we expect the manifestation of the Lord from heaven. —Hyppolytus,
On Daniel [220 AD]
Notwithstanding, not even then
will the merciful and benignant God leave the race of men without all comfort;
but He will shorten even those days and the period of three years and a half,
and He will curtail those times on account of the remnant of those who hide
themselves in the mountains and caves, that the phalanx of all those saints
fail not utterly. But these days shall run their course rapidly; and the
kingdom of the deceiver and Antichrist shall be speedily removed. And then, in
fine, in the glance of an eye shall the fashion of this world pass away, and
the power of men shall be brought to nought, and all these visible things shall
be destroyed…
As these things, therefore, of
which we have spoken before are in the future, beloved, when the one week is
divided into parts, and the abomination of desolation has arisen then, and the
forerunners of the Lord have finished their proper course, and the whole world,
in fine, comes to the consummation, what remains but the manifestation of our
Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, the Son of God, from heaven, for whom we have
hoped; who shall bring forth fire and all just judgment against those who have
refused to believe in Him? —Hyppolytus, Elucidation [220 AD]
For as, by the condescension of
the Lord instructing me, I am very often instigated and warned, I ought to
bring unto your conscience also the anxiety of my warning. For you ought to
know and to believe, and hold it for certain, that the day of affliction has
begun to hang over our heads, and the end of the world and the time of Antichrist
to draw near, so that we must all stand prepared for the battle; nor consider
anything but the glory of life eternal, and the crown of the confession of the
Lord; and not regard those things which are coming as being such as were those
which have passed away. A severer and a fiercer fight is now threatening, for
which the soldiers of Christ ought to prepare themselves with uncorrupted faith
and robust courage, considering that they drink the cup of Christ’s blood
daily, for the reason that they themselves also may be able to shed their blood
for Christ…
Nor let any one of you, beloved
brethren, be so terrified by the fear of future persecution, or the coming of
the threatening Antichrist, as not to be found armed for all things by the
evangelical exhortations and precepts, and by the heavenly warnings. Antichrist
is coming, but above him comes Christ also. The enemy goeth about and rageth,
but immediately the Lord follows to avenge our sufferings and our wounds. The
adversary is enraged and threatens, but there is One who can deliver us from
his hands. He is to be feared whose anger no one can escape, as He Himself
forewarns, and says: “Fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to
kill the soul; but rather fear Him which is able to destroy both body and soul
in hell”. And again: “He that loveth his life, shall lose it; and he that
hateth his life in this world, shall keep it unto life eternal”. And in the
Apocalypse He instructs and forewarns, saying, “If any man worship the beast
and his image, and receive his mark in his forehead or in his hand, the same
also shall drink of the wine of the wrath of God, mixed in the cup of His
indignation, and he shall be tormented with fire and brimstone in the presence
of the holy angels, and in the presence of the Lamb; and the smoke of their
torments shall ascend up for ever and ever; and they shall have no rest day nor
night, who worship the beast and his image”. —Cyprian, Epistle
55 of Cyprian [252 AD]
The Apostle also himself says,
“Let no one deceive you by any means, for that day shall not come except there
come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the Son of
Perdition, who opposeth and exalteth himself above everything that is called
God, or that is worshipped, so that he sitteth in the temple of God, shewing
himself as though himself were God”. And soon afterwards, “Then shall that
wicked one be revealed, whom the Lord Jesus shall slay with the breath of His
mouth, and shall destroy with the brightness of His coming: whose coming is after
the working of Satan with all power and signs and lying wonders”. And again,
shortly afterwards, “And therefore the Lord shall send unto them strong
delusion, that they may believe a lie, that all may be judged who have not
believed the truth”.’ For this reason, therefore, is this “delusion” foretold
unto us by the words of Prophets, Evangelists, and Apostles, lest any one
should mistake the coming of Antichrist for the coming of Christ. But as the
Lord Himself says, “When they shall say unto you, lo, here is Christ, or lo, He
is there, believe it not. For many false Christs and false prophets shall come
and shall seduce many”. But let us see how He hath pointed out the judgment of
the true Christ: “As the lightning shineth from the east unto the west, so
shall the coming of the Son of Man be”. —Rufinus, A Commentary on the Apostle’s Creed
[307-309 AD]
The little season signifies three
years and six months, in which with all his power the devil will avenge himself
trader Antichrist against the Church. —Victorinus, Commentary On Apocalypse [300-400AD]
Oh! my dearly beloved, if we
shall gain comfort from afflictions, if rest from labors, if health after
sickness, if from death immortality, it is not right to be distressed by the
temporal ills that lay hold on mankind. It does not become us to be agitated
because of the trials which befall us. It is not right to fear if the gang that
contended with Christ, should conspire against godliness; but we should the
more please God through these things, and should consider such matters as the
probation and exercise of a virtuous life. For how shall patience be looked
for, if there be not previously labors and sorrows? Or how can fortitude be
tested with no assault from enemies? Or how shall magnanimity be exhibited,
unless after contumely and injustice? Or how can long-suffering be proved,
unless there has first been the calumny of Antichrist? And, finally, how can a
man behold virtue with his eyes, unless the iniquity of the very wicked has
previously appeared? —Athanasius, Festal
Letters, Letter 10 [338 AD]
The things then which are seen
shall pass away, and there shall come the things which are looked for, things
fairer than the present; but as to the time let no one be curious. For it is
not for you, He says, to know times or seasons, which the Father hath put in
His own power. And venture not thou to declare when these things shall be, nor
on the other hand supinely slumber. For he saith, Watch, for in such an hour as
ye expect not the Son of Man cometh. But since it was needful for us to know
the signs of the end, and since we are looking for Christ, therefore, that we
may not die deceived and be led astray by that false Antichrist, the Apostles,
moved by the divine will, address themselves by a providential arrangement to
the True Teacher, and say, Tell us, when shall these things be, and what shall
be the sign of Thy coming, and of the end of the world? We look for Thee to
come again, but Satan transforms himself into an Angel of light; put us
therefore on our guard, that we may not worship another instead of Thee…. Look
therefore to thyself, O man, and make safe thy soul. The Church now charges
thee before the Living God; she declares to thee the things concerning
Antichrist before they arrive. Whether they will happen in thy time we know
not, or whether they will happen after thee we know not; but it is well that,
knowing these things, thou shouldest make thyself secure beforehand. The true
Christ, the Only-begotten Son of God, comes no more from the earth. If any come
making false shows in the wilderness, go not forth; if they say, Lo, here is
the Christ, Lo, there, believe it not. Look no longer downwards and to the
earth; for the Lord descends from heaven; not alone as before, but with many,
escorted by tens of thousands of Angels; nor secretly as the dew on the fleece;
but shining forth openly as the lightning. For He hath said Himself, As the
lightning cometh out of the east, and shineth even unto the west, so shall also
the coming of the Son of Man be; and again, And they shall see the Son of Man
coming upon the clouds with power and great glory, and He shall send forth His
Angels with a great trumpet; and the rest…. But this aforesaid Antichrist is to
come…. At first indeed he will put on a show of mildness (as though he were a
learned and discreet person), and of soberness and benevolence: and by the
lying signs and wonders of his magical deceit a having beguiled the Jews, as
though he were the expected Christ, he shall afterwards be characterized by all
kinds of crimes of inhumanity and lawlessness, so as to outdo all unrighteous
and ungodly men who have gone before him displaying against all men, but
especially against us Christians, a spirit murderous and most cruel, merciless
and crafty…
For this cause the Lord knowing
the greatness of the adversary grants indulgence to the godly, saying, ‘Then
let them which be in Judaea flee to the mountains.’ But if any man is conscious
that he is very stout-hearted, to encounter Satan, let him stand (for I do not
despair of the Church’s nerves), and let him say, Who shall separate us from
the love of Christ and the rest? But, let those of us who are fearful provide
for our own safety; and those who are of a good courage, stand fast: for then
shall be great tribulation, such as hath not been from the beginning of the
world until now, no, nor ever shall be. But thanks be to God who hath confined
the greatness of that tribulation to a few days; for He says, But for the
elect’s sake those days shall be shortened…
But as in the persecutions which
happen from time to time, so also then God will permit these things, not
because He wants power to hinder them, but because according to His wont He
will through patience crown His own champions like as He did His Prophets and Apostles;
to the end that having toiled for a little while they may inherit the eternal
kingdom of heaven.… Guard thyself then, O man; thou hast the signs of
Antichrist; and remember them not only thyself, but impart them also freely to
all. If thou hast a child according to the flesh, admonish him of this now; if
thou hast begotten one through catechizing, put him also on his guard, lest he
receive the false one as the True. For the mystery of iniquity doth already
work. I fear these wars of the nations; I fear the schisms of the Churches; I
fear the mutual hatred of the brethren. But enough on this subject; only God
forbid that it should be fulfilled in our days; nevertheless, let us be on our
guard…
And may the God of the whole
world keep you all in safety, bearing in mind the signs of the end, and
remaining unsubdued by Antichrist. Thou hast received the tokens of the
Deceiver who is to come; thou hast received the proofs of the true Christ, who
shall openly come down from heaven. Flee therefore the one, the False one; and
look for the other, the True. —Saint Cyril, Archbishop of Jerusalem, Lecture 15 [326 AD]
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All quotes taken from The Ante-Nicene Fhathers, edited by A. Roberts and J. Donaldson, Master Chritian Library CD, Agnes Sofware (c) 1999.
